Apparatus for separating charged particles of different specific charges



7, 1960 w. PAUL ET AL 2,939,952

APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING CHARGED PARTICLES OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC CHARGES Filed Dec. 21, 1954 4 Sheets-Sheet l 2 Fig.3 Fig.4 W

2 l I 4 2) I June 7, 1960 w. PAUL ET AL 2,939,952

APPARATUS FOR SEFARATING CHARGED PARTICLES OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC CHARGES Filed Dec. 21, 1954 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Fig.5

15 A- C GENERATOR RECTIFIER D-C SOURCE Fig.6

June 7, 1960 w. PAUL ETAL 2,939,952

APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING CHARGED PARTICLES OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC CHARGES Filed Dec 21 1954 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 SECON D a MEGACYCLES PER Fig.9

, A Tram [1s June 7, 1960 w. PAUL ETAL 2,939,952

APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING CHARGED PARTICLES OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC CHARGES Filed Dec. 21, 1954 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 United States Patent APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING CHARGED PAR- TICLES OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC CHARGES Wolfgang Paul and Helmut Steinwedel, Bonn, Germany; said Steinwedel assignor to said Paul Filed Dec. 21, 1954, Ser. No. 47 6,812

Claims priority, application Germany Dec. 23, 1953 17 Claims. (Cl. 250'41.9)

The invention relates to methods of separating or separately detecting charged particles of difierent specific charges.

Such arrangements may be employed in the usual manner for mass-spectroscopy and isolation of isotopes, further as pressure-gauges for measuring partial pressure of the components of highly thinned gas mixtures, to determine leakes in vacuum apparatus, to analyze traces and to measure small vapor pressure, particularly in gas mixtures. In the past ion separating devices which ofier both high accuracy and high intensity measurements have been extremely expensive and complex in view of the physical principles upon which their operation is based.

The method of the invention utilizes an electric field which is periodical in time but which does not serve for Here f(t) is an arbitrary periodic function of the time 2. Because of the Laplacian Aqua-: the constants or, ,9 and '7 have to satisfy the equation a+fi='y. When ions are brought into such a field, their equations of motion are differential equations with periodical coefiicients, the equations being characterized by having ranges of stable and unstable solutions. Thus, there exist two difierent kinds of ion paths; either the ions perform oscillations around the centre of symmetry of the field, the amplitudes of the oscillations remaining smaller than a certain maximum value (stable paths), or the amplitudes of the oscillations increase extremely rapidly so that, within a very short time, the particles impinge on the field generating electrodes and are thus removed (unstable paths). When the field and the dependence on the time f(t) are given, the specific charge of a particular ion will determine whether it travels along a stable or unstable path. In particular, the stability or instability of the paths is independent of the point of origin and of the direction and magnitude of the initial velocity of the ion. If e/m of the ion lies in a stable range, then all its possible paths are stable and, conversely, if e/m of the ion lies in an unstable range, then all its possible paths are unstable. The positions and widths of the stable ranges of the specific charge can be varied within very wide limits solely by varying the amplitude, frequency and/or shape of the field creating voltages which determine the function flt).

The invention will be more clearly understood from the following description when taken in connection with the drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 illustrates electrodes for use in carrying out the present invention;

Fig. 2 diagrammatically illustrates a longitudinal cross section through a structure which operates in accordance with the present invention;

' 2,939,952 Patented June'7, 1960 Fig. 3 illustrates a section along the line III-1110f Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is a similar cross-section to that of Figure 3 and illustrates differently shaped electrodes;

Fig. 5 a circuit diagram showing the external connections of the electrodes of Figures 3 and 4;

Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9 are diagrams showing the relationship between various parameters in the operation of the novel invention;

Fig. 10 illustrates a modified electrode arrangement for use in accordance with the present invention; 7

Fig. 11 illustrates still another such electrode arrangement; and

Fig. 12 illustrates a longitudinal section through an arrangement employing electrodes similar to those of Fig. 11. 1

A table of symbols to be used in the foregoing is as follows +1: Zn=sum of all 11 series elements, for n from minus infinity to plus infinity c =constants assigned to the individual series elements i= /1, imaginary unit e=base of the natural log system L=length of electrodes v=ion speed 7 r=high frequency period 6=-angular aperture A=difierence A=LaPlaces operator In all the drawings the same reference numerals indicate corresponding parts.

The electrodes of Fig. l serve to create a cylindrically symmetrical electric field. The arrangement comprises four electrodes A, A, B, B of hyperboloidal shape, the electrodes being arranged at the distance r from the xaxis. The two electrodes A are electrically interconnected, and the electrodes B are electrically interconnected. A time-periodical voltage U=U +V cos wt is applied on the pairs of electrodes A and B, whereby an electric field is created having a potential p=(U/r (Ji -2 This field is independent of 2:, its centre of symmetry beingthe x-axis. In this case 11:0 in Equation 1. r.

'Figs. 2. and 3 show an arrangement comprising a vessel 4, which can be evacuated and in which electrodes 1 V the electric forceis' r l-f 'esto ld se m e are pr yided twithffacinsiisurrf c w i are yp 7 boloidal shape similar tov those ofilthe electrodes 'of Fig.

1, but for ease of manufacture the electrodes arevnot hollow but solid. However, instead of the electrodes sh w 'F s- 2 a d irelec c e of e share. sh n in Fig. lcould-alternatiVely be used. Furthermore, for

m nufa t nn re o s t.;m iihe Preferabl t mp y a four, circularly; cy indiica r ect edes asis QwniiaF ewith suflicientgappriogimation, the radius of time electrodes trlii fiiequal in lhara us 5. .5 cur atme of p bql id l electr'qd su a es tit e v t c s- 1 y-cas 'the'electrodes are mounted by, and. spaced from onean oth nbyud scsfii i c ramiqtmater l-i. Wh le. weeketrodes are shim 2 he net xed, i ii t be: un st od that they cnuldbe radiu tahlr mounted- A. voltage .U is

placed between pairs of opposite electrodes by means of 1 ea s} .pas n'gjithr ah yacuulnetigh Y manner. 1

e; W l .21 ofthe v el .;in a

(such as anelectron impact source or a loW-voltageerc dis h r e), is nne tedtoihevcs ekt ua va uu -fi 'manner by means of flanges to generate ions to be scpa rated in the direction of the arrow 6 and intothe space between the electrodes 1 with a kineticjencrgy eUg.

The ions are separated in accordance with eir stability 'fbetween the electrodes. The ions that h? 658 m a an r el thr u the el i e d, an a e heeled By'ac'up-shaped collectingelectrode 3. An ntenna/1 insulated lead fiom the collecting electrode 3 passes in' avacuurn-tight manner throughthe wall oi the vessel 4 (for example, the lead maylgetaken through a sealing boss). The charge on the colle'eting electrode 3 flows I Fig. i -illustrates how voltag e, supply sources are coupled" to the electrodes 1. An electric generator- 19 I creates a high-frequency voltage V cos or which is ape.

plied to the electrodes 1' through'the two capacitors. 14.

'More'ovenfthe high frequency yoltage i's irec'tified and smoothed by 'a rectifier 10, The di-rectvoltagesocreated 5V is dividedby ajpotentiometerand i's also fed tofthe J electrodes 1 throughchoke coils 13, the direct voltage being U =uV. Therdo're, the ratio 14 of thedirect-voitage U to the alternatingvoltage V 'is substantially in;

dependent of alter-ationsof the alternating voltage. 'ternativelyfa direct current voltage they be supplied to the electrodes 1 by an independentidirectvoltage source 7 11 and an electric two-way switch LII 1.

{one arrangement describedoperates as follows;

In the electric field having the potential (r)"/ 0=) (if? Ex= n w/r0 wheeze/r0 z When U is an alternating voltage corresponding to the equation U=V cos wt, the equations of motion oi anion are as follows: i i

On iintegratiom 'the fi r st equation leads to i=constantl That is to say',"the iontravels in the acdirection with a constant speed. The other two equations are specific cases of the Matthieu differential equationwhich, in its 7 V V I i v (3) d ;7d +(af2g cosfZgfiQO1 l The general -,s clutio n of this equatiorris isas ifollowsz r fq tcrea ins. he i y indnc ysym a e c r c field e From this it will be recognized that two difie'rent kinds of solutions exist. If the chara'cteristic exponent which can be computed from a and q, is imaginary, the solution remains finite for all values of 5. If, however, ,a is real or complex, the amplitudeincreases exponentially and the path is unstable. Whether thesolution is stable or unstable depends only on the; yalueof the parameters a and q; b t is independent of the initial values 2 and a of z. Fig; 6 illustrates, the stable ranges in the a, q-plane, the stable ranges being shaded.

From a comparison of Equation 2 with Equation 3, it will be seen that in the present case pn entmnaLi n: source 5 P Thus theions may be located at arbitrarypoint of the q-axis of-the diagram of Fig 6.: a,

--'Fig. 7 illustrates the vicinity of the q-axis, For clarity,

:-Whenthealternatingzvoltage'and the frequency "are given,.the value of e/m determinesin whichirange the 7 ion is located, as can be s'een'frorn Equation '4.

For an alternating voltage of1l00'0'volts, the first two stable ranges F and F are'show'n in'a M, v=diagram in Fig 8,1 the stable ranges being shaded (M being the mass i, e we 7, V v In the second range, only a finite mass interval number defined by m=m M and '11 being the frequency);

Frornthis thefollowin'g can be recognized: when anion beam comprises ions of different masses, and when' the alternating voltage and frequency are given, then in the first range the only ions that can pass through thefield are those having masses which are greater than "'Mm ='4eV/0. 92r6 w i can pass. Since for the second range A q/q equals apa mass continuum'cr the first range superimposed on thefsecond range. From the third range onwards 'Aq is, very smallfs'o thativei'y goodfresolution can'be expected.

However, these rangescan hardly be used because the intensities'aretoo, small. As can be, verified .by computa 7 tion; theinitial energieslof'theions'in'the yand z-direc' tions must not exceed the value 1,0.-eV in the'third ranger, t V v V a Whena' direct voltage is superimposed on the alternatingivojlta'ge; v.tliatiis to sayiwhen U'=U .V cos wt, only al'sniall frnass' intervalfiAM. can pass in the first range.

Theequations of motion now read as follows: 1 1 as m (U03 Vcos wa d 5+ (Zia/mm) U cos wt) z==0 depend on the frequency and ion mass In the-a,"

q-diagram, the lines t: U /V=a/2'q are rectilinear lines starting at v the .origin andlying symmetrically tofthe q-axis; In Fig. 9, asection-of the first range of stability and a pair of rectiliner 'linesfu=econst.,xare shown; The

7 half plane a 0 corresponds to they-direction iand the;

half planea 0 corresponds tether-direction.

Assuming that the amplitudeg and'frequency of-"the alternating voltage are kept constant, all the masses will 'lie on the rectilinear lines u= con st, -;The mass m 'corresponds to the value qi, q m and q m "ln they-direction; onlythe massesfrom n to m 'fall into'a stable range, and in the z-direction, only masses exceed- A comparison" of Equation 5 with Equation ,3 slidws 5 ing m fall in a stable range. Since an ion can pass through the electric field only if it is stable inthe y-direction as well as in the z-direction, the result is that only a mass interval Am=m m can pass through the field. When the direct voltage is increased, the angle between the rectilinear lines and the q-axis is increased whereby the pass range is narrowed. For the ratio U V=0.166, an infinitely small range results in the limiting case. Above this value no ion can pass through the field. In this case, q assumes the value q =D.706. The width of the stable range in dependence on the direct voltage is obtained from the points of intersection of the rectilinear lines u=const. with the limiting curves of the first range of stability. In the vicinity of the point q=q it is A-4(0.2361.4l0u) At constant field quantities, this corresponds to a mass range Am=4mq- (0.236-l.410u) From this, the theoretical mass resolution can be computed as a function of the quantity u as In the foregoing, it has been assumed that the electric field is infinitely long in the x-direction since only for t oo the amplitudes of the unstable ion paths approximate co. In practice, however, it is sufficient to postulate that the ions are subjected to so many alternations of the electric field that the amplitudes of the unstable paths increase sutficiently for the ions to impinge on the electrodes creating the electric field. Thus, it is only necessary to make the length L of the electric field great enough that the time that the ions are within the field is large as compared to the duration of a single high-frequency period. This time is 1-=L/v when the velocity of the ions is v= /2eU /m U being the accelerating voltage. This expression has to be great as compared with 1/1 That is to say;

L r 1r /ZU q/V For L=5O cm., r =O.5 cm. and V=l000 volts, the number of field alternations is n==850 /U 100 V-ions are therefore subjected to 85 field alternations, and 1000 V-ions to only 25, so that the amplitudes of the wrong masses will clearly increase to such an extent that they cannot reach the collecting electrode.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the cylindrically V symmetrical arrangement can be used as a mass spectrometer having an adjustable pass range and as an isotope separator. The arrangement using circularly cylindrical electrodes allows a convenient, material-saving and energy-saving multiplication of the separating arrangement in order to obtain high intensities, wherein circularly cylindrical electrodes are efiective in a plurality of individual arrangements. Fig. illustrates electrodes forming such an assembly of circularly cylindrical electrodes A and B; all the electrodes A being electrically connected and all the electrodes B being electrically connected.

Fig. ll shows another construction of the electrodes. In this case, the potential is WWW) w a) thus, in Equation 1 it is for this case Fig. 12 illustrates a section through an arrangement using the electrodes of Fig. 11. The electric field is created by three electrodes A, B, B, the adjacent surfaces of the three electrodes forming a one-part hyperboloid'of revolution and a two-part hyperboloid of revolution, the assyrnptotic cones having an apex angle 6 of 109.47 (tan (6/2)= The electrodes 8 are conductively interconnected and a time periodical vole age Uis applied between the electrode A andthe pair of electrodes B. The electrodes are arranged in a vessel 16, which can be evacuated through a tube 21, leads to the electrodes passing through the wall of the vessel 16 in a vacuum-tight manner in which the electrode A is held by an insulating support 22. For creating ions in the space between th electrodes, a gas to be tested is introduced into the arrangement at a low pressure. An incandescent cathode is indicated by reference numeral 17. Electrons emitted by the cathode 17 pass into the space between the electrodes through holes 18 in one of the electrodes B. 'An electrode 19 is provided for focusing the electrons, and is negatively biased relative to the cathode '17. The electrons ionize the gas in the ionization space 20 between the electrodes.

When, a potential U5+V sin cut is applied between the electrode A and the pair of electrodes B, ions of the stable e/m=range remain between the electrodes while ions of the unstable range impinge on the electrodes. The ions with unstable paths then represent an ohmic charge in the high frequency circuit while the ions with stable paths represents an inductive charge since they do not contribute to the flow of current. By Well known means such as electronic power factor meters, the inductive load and hence the stable ions could be easily determined. It is also possible to increase the accuracy of measurement if a narrow unstable band is embedded in the stable band. This can be accomplished by superimposition of an addiitonal alternative current. The feeding of the auxiliary voltage is accomplished in any desired manner customary in high frequency technique for superimposition of two voltages. This rotationally symmetrical arrangement can be used as a mass spectrometer.

In connection with both field arrangements, namely the cylindrically symmetrical arrangement of Fig. 2 and the rotationally symmetrical arrangement of Fig. 12, the sinusoidal periodicity is only one possible form of 'oscil-' lation. The method may alternatively be performed by using oscillations of difierent forms. The position of the stable and unstable rangesis hardly afiec-ted by the form of the oscillations. i

The arrangements of the invention are distinguished from other arrangements using a high frequency electric field since in the present case this'field is not utilized for measuring a transit time of the ions. Consequently, the present arrangements are independent of the phase at which the ions enter the electric field so that the arrangements of the invention do not require impulsing and the separation of ions of different specific charges they be efiected continuously.

The arrangements of the invention are furthermore distinguished from the previously suggested arrangement by the feature that the static electric field (that is to say the time mean value of the time-periodical field) is only an auxiliary field for varying and narrowing the stable range, but is not required for causing the ions to oscillate harmonically as in the case with the previously suggested method. Consequently, in the method of the present invention the direct voltage is considerably lower than the peak value of the high frequency alternating voltage while conversely in the previous method the alternating voltage had to be considerably lower than the direct voltage. Moreover, no magnetic field'for additionally focusing the ions is required since, averaging over the time, no de-focusing forces act on the ions in the stable range.

following:

(1) A great simplification of the necessary apparatus;

is achieved. Since the method only requires an .elece apparatus previously required.

The advantages of the invention as compared with the known methods are essentiallythe.

.(2) Anindependence from the initial condition is achieved. Since the operation of the arrangement is in a dependent of the, direction and the valu e of the initial yelocity of the ions, ion sources may be used, which create ions of highly difierent velocities without thereby tweenother'ions'whichcan be separated from theions to be detected. 'Since with most of the known methods.

only ions within narrow ranges of directions and 'veloci-r gain of intensity results in comparisonwith'those methods soithat, the requirements on the sensitivity of the detecting fmeans lrnay be considerably lowered. High especialadvantage in arrangements for separating iso:

' topes.

, {3) A- convenient control is achievedt'of t he position ties can bemused for the measurement,a considerable 7 intensities (that is to say high ion currents) are of and width of the stable and unstableranges byonly varying the. frequency, amplitude and/or shape offthe field-creatingvoltages. lThus,v man arrangement, :after it has been set up, the'measuring range and thesaccua racymay yet bevaried within wide limits.

7 aThe'advant-ages of the arrangement as compared with transit-time spectrometers are especially the following; (4) Since the present method is independent of the? initial conditions (see paragraph 2 above) it is not 'necessary to use impulsing or to comply with phase con- I ditions. l

(5.) :It is easily achieved-that ions of a known icharg'e' only those of a well defined mass are recorded.

Disturbances masses which are multiplied or divided by 2, V5, or the like, can be avoided without difliculty.

(6) '-Ions in the stable range arenot affected in any direction by defocusing forces 'when averaging over the time; thus additionabmagnetic fields for focusing: the

ionsarenotrequired, r I i The methods of the invention may find many applica t t s c asio I. Use f r mass analysisz since, as; indicated above,

V V by means of the present methods ions of difierent spetcjficagcharges can beseparated or separately; detected, the; methods may beemployed for constructing. a mass 1 anew uids and solids ,inlthe vapour phase: The gassor vapour areionized and separated by a cylindrically symmetrical field similarly as'lexplained' in paragraph II with respect fto* isot'opes'. Anladvantage of this method as compared with separation by distillation or sublima- 7 tion resides in the'fcaftur'e that the mixture can be sep artedeven' if two or more-components of the mixture have thesame vapour pressure or the same boiling point.

1 VI. Use for analysingtracesz' The mass spectrometer analysing traces. I II p a I 'VII. Use for measuring low vapour pressures especially of The pressure gauge described inparagraph;H}may be employed also for measuringlow vadescribed in paragraph 'I may also be employed for pour pressures.

Whatweclaimisr rl. An arrangement for separating ions having different' specific charges, comprising an evacuated vessel, electrode means for creating an electric field in the space between-them positioned in said vessel, adjacent surfaces of said electrode'means having a hyperboloidal shape, means for holding said electrode means --in spaced relation, means for generating a voltage having an arbitrary periodical function of time f(t), means for supplying said voltage to said electrode means and thereby creating a,time-periodical field the potential of which is generalquadratic function a a of the'rectangular coordinates-r, y, z of the electrode arrangement, a, )3 and '7 being constants satisfying the equation +=-y, means for'creating charged ions in said evacuatedvessel, the said ionsbeing introduced'into said field whereby, causeduby therelectrostaticforces ofsthe field execu ted on the ions, certain ions perform oscillationsjof a'limited amplitude, the others, oscillationsof an increasing amplitude depending on their respective spectrometer. Suitable for this purpose'are'thecyliudri- I cal 'symmetrical, as well, as the rotationally symmetrical electricfields describedhereinbefore.

7 a Use for separating isotopes: Since, as explained 'above, the present procedure allows high intensitie'stthat to saylaighion currents), it may be employed for constructing plants for separating isotopes. Forthis a purposethe cylindrical symmetrical electric field is par- 'ticularly suitable.-

IILUse as a pressnre'gauge for measuring partial I pressures of components of highly ratified gas mixtures:

For example, the ionized gas'mixture is introduced into the rotationally symmetrical field; individual components of the mixture are successively detected or quantitatively measured 'by correspondingly displacing the rangcsof stabilityand, instability. The advantages of such a pressure} gauge as compared'with hitherto usual pressure gauges are, amongst others, thecornpactnses of the; 'arrangement (linear idimensions offa few centimeters are suflicient) and the possibility of easy heating (the arrangement consists essentially of three metal electrodes). I IV; Use for finding. leakages'imvacuum devices: The

, jvacuum d'eviceis introduced into an atmosphere which contains traces'ef gases usually not-containedin the air; I f such traces enter into the vacuum' devices'fthrough ,a leakage it gis iea sy to detect the same byrneans of a para rap 11 specific charges and therefore follow stable and instable' paths, respectively, and are thereby separated. 7 2. An arrangement asclaimed in claim l,wherein said means tor generating a-voltage having an arbitrary periodical'function of ,-time ;f(t) generates ajtsubstantially sinusoidal high firequency'voltage. I

3. An arrangement as claimed in claiml, additional 1y comprising means for deriving a first direct current voltage from said periodical voltage, means for generating-a'second directrcurre'nt'volta'ge and means for 'al-1 ternatively switchinggone of said direct current voltages in parallel to said. periodical voltagesupplied to. said electrode means, I V I V 4. An arrangement as claimediin" claim 3, comprising means for varying the ratio between the amplitude of said periodical voltage and said first direct current voltage and thereby varying the range of stable ion paths. 5. An arrangement for separating ions having difierent specific charges, comprising, in'combinati'on, an evacuated vessel, four parallel electrodes for creating a cylin a es'saei a' get n t ma ne e p sthe e n drically symmetrical electric field in the space between them, the said electrodes being arranged in said vessel, adjacent surfaces of'said electrodes having'zai hyperboloidal shape-and pairs of, said electrodes being conductively interconnected, means for holding said electrodes in spaced relation, means for generating a voltage being an arbitraryperiodical function f(t) of time; means for supplying said voltage to said electrodes and thereby creating a time-periodical cylindrically symmetrical field the potential of which is aquadratic function 1 of the rectangular coordinates x, y, iofthe"electrode arrangement;;the. x-axis being "laid into the axis of symmetry, and r being the distance or the electrode surfaces from the x-axis, a conventional ion source being arranged in saidvessel, means for introducting ions delivered from the said ion source into the said cylindrically symmetrical time-periodical field in direction of said symmetry, means for collecting the ions having followed stable paths through said field between said electrodes, said collecting means being arranged in said vessel, means for screening the said ion source and the said collecting means with respect to the said vessel, and means for measuring a current resulting from the charged ions collected by the said collecting means by measuring the voltage drop created by the said current in a resistor.

6. An arrangement as claimed in claim 5, wherein said four electrodes have adjacent surfaces of a cylindrical shape, the radius of said surfaces equalling the radius of curvature of the hyperboloidal surfaces at the vertices.

7. An arrangement as claimed in claim 5, wherein said ion source and said collecting means are arranged in separate housing, said housing being connected with said vessel in a vacuum-tight manner.

8. An arrangement for separating ions having difierent specific charges comprising, in combination, an evacuated vessel, a plurality of parallel electrodes for creating cylindrically symmetrical electric fields between each four of them, the sad electrodes being arranged in said vessel, adjacent surfaces of said electrodes having a cylindrical shape and pairs of said electrodes being conductively interconnected, means for holding said electrode means in spaced relation, means for generating a voltage being an arbitrary periodical function y(t) of time, means for supplying said voltage to said electrode means and thereby creating a plurality of time-periodical cylindrically symmetrical fields, the potentials of which are identical quadratic functions of the rectangular coordinates x y 2;; of each of the single founelectrode arrangements, the x -axes being laid into the respective axes of symmetry, and r being the respective distances of the surfaces of the single electrode arrangements from the :c-axes, an adequate plurality of ion sources being arranged in said vessel, means for introducing ions delivered from said ion sources into said vessel and into said cylindrically symmetrical time-periodical fields in direction of the respective axes of symmetry, means for collecting the ions having followed stable paths through the said fields between the said electrode means, said collecting means being arranged in said vessel, means for screening said ion sources and said collecting means with respect to said vessel and means for measuring the current resulting from the charged ions collected by said collecting means, by measuring the voltage created by said current in a resistor.

9. An arrangement as claimed in claim 8, wherein said ion sources and said collecting means are arranged in separate housings, said housing being connected with said vessel in a vacuum-tight manner.

10. An arrangement for separately detecting ions having different specific charges comprising, in combination a vessel capable of being evacuated, three electrodes for creating a rotationally symmetrical electric field in the space between them, said electrodes being arranged in said vessel, adjacent surfaces of said electrodes having a hyperboloidal shape, one of the surfaces of said electrodes being a two-part hyperboloid and the two others each being a one-part hyperboloid, the latter parts being conductively interconnected, means for holding said electrodes in spaced relation, means for generating a voltage being an arbitrary periodical function ,f(t) of time, means for supplying said voltage to said electrodes and thereby creating a time-periodical, rotationally symmetrical electric field the potential of which is a general function Franzen-z a of the rectangular coordinates x, y, z of the electrode arrangement, the z-axis being laid into the axis of rotational symmetry, the center of symmetry coinciding with the origin of the coordinates, and r being the smallest radius of said two-part rotational hyperboloid, means for 5 introducing a gas or vapor to be tested into said vessel at low pressure, incandescent cathode means for emitting electrons able to ion-.ize the gas in the space between said electrodes, said cathode means being arranged in a housing ebing connected with the vessel in a vacuumtight manner, the emitting surface of said cathode means being located in a hollow part of one of the one-part hyperboloidal electrodes, means for focusing the electrons and passing them into said space through holes in said electrode.

11. An arrangement as claimed in claim 10, comprising means for generating an additional alternating voltage of an amplitude being small as compared with the amplitude of said periodical voltage and of half the frequency of this voltage, and means for superimposing said alternating voltage on the circuit of said periodic voltage, whereby a small range of unstable ion paths is embedded in a broad range of stable paths.

12. Means for separating charged particles having a first and a second specific charge; said means compris ing an electrode means and voltage source therefor for creating an electric field within an evacuated vessel; the voltage of said voltage source being a periodic function of time; said electrode means having a configuration to create an electric field =fi o +fiy vz said electric field being directed to force said charged particles having said first specific charge to execute an oscillation having a limited amplitude and to force said charged particles having said second specific charge to execute oscillations having an increasing amplitude.

13. A mass spectrometer as defined in claim 1 for measuring the partial pressures of a highly rarified gas mixture including means for ionizing and introducing said highly rarified gas into said mass spectrometer, said partial pressure being determined by measuring the concentration of the individual components of said mixture.

14. The apparatus of claim 1 for detecting a leak in a vacuum device, said apparatus being positioned to measure partial pressures within said vacuum device, said apparatus measuring the partial pressure of a predetermined gas entering said vacuum device through a leak.

15. A mass spectrometer as defined in claim 1 for separating a gas mixture including means for ionizing and introducing said mixture into said mass spectrometer, the components of said mixture being separated in accordance with the specific charge of their respective ions.

16. A mass spectrometer as defined in claim 1 for separating a gas mixture in the vapor phase including means for ionizing and introducing said mixture into said mass spectrometer, the components of said mixture being separated in accordance with the specific charge of their respective ions.

17. A mass spectrometer as defined in claim 1 for analyzing traces of elements present in an atmosphere, said atmosphere being ionized and inserted into said mass spectrometer, said mass spectrometer separating the ions of said elements and measuring their respective quantities.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES A New Mass Spectrometer, by Smythe et al., Physical Review, vol. 40, May 1, 1932, pages 429 to 433. 

